Author: Jérémie Jourdan
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Gold ain’t money – the recent CJEU ruling in Žaidimų valiuta (C-472/24) on in-game virtual currency (IGVC).
On 5 March 2026, the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) ruled in Žaidimų valiuta (C-472/24)[1] on the VAT treatment of (grey market) transactions concerning an in-game virtual currency (Gold) in Runescape, a game developed by Jagex. The Court held, in substance, that in-game Gold is not a virtual currency or a voucher. Rather, it is “an electronic service…
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The Amazon DSA Designation Appeal: the General Court Rejects Amazon’s Broad Fundamental-Rights Challenge
The last few months have seen a series of Digital Services Act (DSA) judgments by the General Court (GC) of the European Union, the first three of which were examined in an earlier blog post. The latest in this series of judgments, handed down on 19 November 2025, is Amazon EU v Commission (Case T-367/23),…
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The Dawn of DSA Enforcement: Lessons from the Digital Services Coordinators’ First Annual Reports
Introduction The Digital Services Act: A Paradigm Shift in Platform Regulation The European Union’s Regulation (EU) 2022/2065, the Digital Services Act (DSA), represents a landmark shift in the governance of the digital sphere. Fully applicable since 17 February 2024, the DSA establishes a harmonised legal framework intended to create a safer, more predictable, and trusted…
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The Zalando, Meta and TikTok rulings: key takeaways from the first three DSA judgments of the General court
By Marc Barennes,[1] Jérémie Jourdan[2] and Maria Gravvani[3] Introduction The Digital Services Act (“DSA”)[4] regulates online intermediaries and platforms such as marketplaces, social networks, content-sharing platforms, app stores, and online travel and accommodation platforms which are offered to users (aka ‘recipients of the service’[5]) located in the European Union.[6] Its main goal is to prevent illegal and harmful activities…