Author: Konstantina Bania

By Dr. Konstantina Bania and Ana-Caterina Ciusca Who Guards the Gatekeepers? Media Pluralism in the Platform Era Who decides which news reaches you? Increasingly, the answer is not just newspaper owners or broadcasters, but the platforms that host, rank and recommend content to billions of users. That raises an old question in a new form:…

If you follow debates about generative AI, you will have heard a lot about compute and talent. Cloud infrastructure, GPU clusters, and elite machine‑learning teams have become the standard shorthand for what really matters in the AI arms race. What is missing from that conversation is the third leg of the stool: data – and in particular, high‑quality, human‑generated content…

By Dr. Konstantina Bania With its Grand Chamber judgment in Meta Platforms Ireland v AGCOM (C‑797/23), the Court of Justice of the EU has handed down a major ruling on Article 15 of the DSM Copyright Directive. Beneath the technicalities lies a clear policy signal: the Court is willing to let Member States wrap the press publishers’…

By Dr. Konstantina Bania and Philine Wassenaar A deep dive into the European Commission’s first wave of Digital Markets Act enforcement, ongoing investigations, and what the 2026 review tells us about regulating Big Tech in the age of AI The promise and the reality Two years ago, the EU launched one of its most ambitious…

Over the past decade, a striking paradox has emerged in digital content markets. On the one hand, we have an unprecedented explosion of creativity; independent journalists, podcasters, musicians, game developers and influencers can, in principle, reach global audiences from a laptop. On the other hand, a shrinking number of platforms increasingly determine which content is…

By Dr. Konstantina Bania By the time a digital‑markets case reaches a court room, a paradoxical situation has arisen: the business model in the file is obsolete, the market definition section reads like historical fiction, and the junior in chambers is already using the platform that judges were told “doesn’t really exist”. That mismatch between…

By Dr. Konstantina Bania A California jury has done something US courts have long refused to do: hold Meta and YouTube legally responsible not for what users post, but for how their platforms are designed to keep children hooked. By finding defective design and negligence and bypassing the traditional safe harbour of Section 230, the…

The Digital Markets Act (DMA) establishes a centralised enforcement model whereby the European Commission “is the sole authority empowered to enforce [the DMA]” (see recital 91). National authorities are the Commission’s enforcement partners. This is explicitly stated in Article 37 of the DMA, which states that the Commission and the Member States shall “work in…